SCIENCE ARTICLE
Integrating technology for a participatory and sustainable urban branding: proposal of a cooperative urban branding model and case study of Tunisian initiatives
 
More details
Hide details
1
Hunamities, Taif University, Saudi Arabia
 
2
Business Administration, Northern Border University, Saudi Arabia
 
 
Submission date: 2025-11-20
 
 
Final revision date: 2026-03-05
 
 
Acceptance date: 2026-03-23
 
 
Online publication date: 2026-05-12
 
 
Publication date: 2026-05-12
 
 
Corresponding author
Mohamed Amine MHENNA   

Hunamities, Taif University, Saudi Arabia
 
 
Management 2026;(1):379-408
 
KEYWORDS
JEL CLASSIFICATION CODES
M31
M37
 
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Research background and purpose:
This article aims to explore the motivations and barriers to citizen participation in the field of urban branding by studying the key variables for success in engaging residents and developing an operational model that integrates emerging technologies to facilitate and measure the sustainable involvement of residents in the urban branding process, while taking into account potential conflicts of interest between different stakeholders.

Design/methodology/approach:
The authors first conducted a comparative study of various urban branding initiatives. They then conducted a qualitative study among residents of regions that were implementing urban branding projects.

Findings:
The analysis of various urban branding initiatives resulted in the creation of a catalogue of best practices to inspire other cities, as well as the pillars of a national urban branding strategy. The findings of this study on motivations and barriers to civic engagement can help urban managers design more effective engagement programmes and implement more relevant action plans for cooperative urban branding strategies. In addition, this study will enable managers to optimise the use of resources by identifying the key success factors of urban branding strategies. The analysis of the different approaches to urban branding presented here may encourage policy makers to explore new models of collaboration between the public and private sectors by developing public-private partnerships.

Value added and limitations:
The authors explored the motivations and obstacles to citizen participation in urban branding by examining the key variables that contribute to success in engaging residents. The study allowed us to explore the diversity and richness of urban branding initiatives in Tunisia, a rapidly changing landscape. The authors used a study of residents/citizens, but including other stakeholders could provide more relevant results.
REFERENCES (71)
1.
Batty, M., Axhausen, K. W., Giannotti, F., Pozdnoukhov, A., Bazzani, A., Wachowicz, M., Ouzounis, G., & Portugali, Y. (2012). Smart cities of the future. The European Physical Journal Special Topics, 214(1), 481-518. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/....
 
2.
Bichon, A., Merminod N., & Kamann, D-J. (2010). Bichon, A., Merminod, N., & Kamann, D.-J. (2010). Nouveaux rôles et profils de compétences des acheteurs : de la gestion des fournisseurs au management des clients internes [New roles and competency profiles of buyers: From supplier management to internal client management]. Revue française de gestion, 205, 139–155. https://doi.org/10.3166/rfg.20...
 
3.
Boisen, M., Terlouw, K., Groote, P., & Couwenberg, O. (2018). Reframing place promotion, place marketing, and place branding - moving beyond conceptual confusion. Cities, 80, 4-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.cities.2017.08.021.
 
4.
Bokolo, A.J. (2024). The role of community engagement in urban innovation towards the co-creation of smart sustainable cities. Journal of The Knowledge Economy, 15, 1592–1624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132....
 
5.
Bourgault, P., Gallagher, F., Michaud, C., & St-Cyr Tribble, D. (2010). Mixed-method research design in nursing sciences, or when a research question calls for qualitative and quantitative strategies. Recherche en soins infirmiers, 103, (4), 20-28. https://doi.org/10.3917/rsi.10....
 
6.
Bourgault, J., Maltais, D., Charih, M., & Rouillard, L. (2004). ). Le développement des compétences de gestion : une approche intégrée d’apprentissage continu [The development of management skills: an integrated approach to continuous learning]. Télescope, 11,(1), 2-11.
 
7.
Bourkiza, O. (2022). Branding territorial: L’élaboration d’une marque territoriale: puissant instrument pour la promotion et le développement des territoires [Branding territorial: The development of a territorial brand: a powerful tool for the promotion and development of territories]. Revue Internationale des Sciences de Gestion, 5(3), 1378–1404.
 
8.
Brabham, D.C. (2012). Motivations for participation in a crowdsourcing application to improve public engagement in transit planning, Journal of Applied Communication Research, 40(3), 307-328. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 00909882.2012.693940.
 
9.
Braun, E. (2012), Putting city branding into practice. Journal of Brand Management, 19, 257–267. https://doi.org/ 10.1057/bm.2011.55.
 
10.
Braun, E., Kavaratzis, M., & Zenker, S. (2013). My city – My brand: The different roles of residents in place branding. Journal of Place Management and Development, 6(1), 18-28. https://doi.org/10.1108/ 17538331311306087.
 
11.
Busch, C., De Maret, P. S., Flynn, T., Kellum, R., Le, S., Meyers, B., Saunders, M., White, R., & Palmquist, M. (2005). Content analysis. Writing@CSU. Colorado State University. https://writing. colostate.edu/ guides/guide.cfm?guideid=61.
 
12.
Capello, R., & Kroll, H. (2016). From theory to practice in smart specialization strategy: emerging limits and possible future trajectories. European Planning Studies, 24(8), 1393–1406. https://doi.org/10.1080/096543.... 1156058.
 
13.
Cardullo, P. & Kitchin, R. (2019), Being a citizen’ in the smart city: Up and down the scaffold of smart citizen participation in Dublin, Ireland. GeoJournal 84, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708....
 
14.
Casais, B., & Monteiro, P. (2019). Residents’ involvement in city brand co-creation and their perceptions of city brand identity: a case study in Porto. Place Branding Public Diplomacy, 15, 229–237. https://doi.org/10.1057 /s41254-019-00132-8.
 
15.
Casais, B., & Poço, T. (2023), Emotional branding of a city for inciting resident and visitor place attachment. Place Branding Public Diplomacy, 19, 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254....
 
16.
Chamard, C. & Schlenker, L. (2017). Towards an analysis of place branding in territorial transformation. Gestion et management public, 6(1), 41-57. https://doi.org/10.3917/gmp.06....
 
17.
Chen, N. C., Dwyer, L., & Firth, T. (2014). Effect of dimensions of place attachment on residents’ word-of-mouth behavior. Tourism Geographies, 16(5), 826–843. https://doi.org/10.1080/146166....
 
18.
Ertiö, T. P. (2015). Participatory apps for urban planning – space for improvement. Planning Practice & Research, 30(3), 303–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/026974....
 
19.
Eshuis, J., Braun, E., Klijn, E. H., & Zenker, S. (2017). The differential effect of various stakeholder groups in place marketing. Environment and Planning C, 36(5), 916-936. https://doi.org/10.1177/239965....
 
20.
Eshuis, J., & Edwards, A. (2012). Branding the city: The democratic legitimacy of a new mode of governance. Urban Studies, 50(5), 1066-1082. https://doi.org/10.1177/004209....
 
21.
Eshuis, J., Klijn, E.-H., & Braun, E. (2014). Place marketing and citizen participation: branding as strategy to address the emotional dimension of policy making? International Review of Administrative Sciences, 80(1), 151-171. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0020852313513872.
 
22.
Evans-Cowley, J., & Hollander, J. (2010). The new generation of public participation: Internet-based participation tools. Planning Practice & Research, 25(3), 397–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/026974....
 
23.
Florek, M. (2011). No place like home: Perspectives on place attachment and impacts on city management, Journal of Town & City Management, 1(4), 346–354.
 
24.
Foray, D., David, P.A., & Hall, B. (2011). Smart specialization. From academic idea to political instrument, the surprising career of a concept and the difficulties involved in its implementation, MTEI Working Paper. https://infoscience.epfl.ch/ha....
 
25.
Foroudi, P., Gupta, S., Kitchen, P., Foroudi, M.M. & Nguyen, B. (2016), A framework of place branding, place image, and place reputation: Antecedents and moderators. Qualitative Market Research, 19(2), 241-264. https://doi.org/10.1108/QMR-02....
 
26.
Foth, M., Anastasiu, I., Mann, M., & Mitchell, P. (2021). From automation to autonomy: Technological sovereignty for better data care in smart cities. In M. Beer (Ed.), Automating cities: Design, construction, operation and future impact (pp. 319–343). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-98....
 
27.
Gascó-Hernández, M. (2018). Building a smart city: Lessons from Barcelona. Communications of the ACM, 61(4), 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1145/311780....
 
28.
Geertman, S. (2002). Participatory planning and GIS: A PSS to bridge the gap. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 29(1), 21-35. https://doi.org/10.1068/b2760.
 
29.
Gordon, E., & Baldwin-Philippi, J. (2014). Playful civic learning: Enabling reflection and lateral trust in game-based public participation. International Journal of Communication, 8(1), 759–786.
 
30.
Gordon, R., Carrigan, M., & Hastings, G. (2011). A framework for sustainable marketing. Marketing Theory, 11(2), 143-163. https://doi.org/10.1177/147059....
 
31.
Gordon, E., Schirra, S., & Hollander, J. (2011). Immersive planning: A conceptual model for designing public participation with new technologies. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 38(3), 505-519. https://doi.org/10.1068/b37013.
 
32.
Grębosz-Krawczyk, M., & Zakrzewska-Bielawska, A. (2024). How to manage a smart city brand image, taking into account residents’ perspective? Administratie si Management Public, 43, 138-157. https://doi.org/ 10.24818/amp/2024.43-08.
 
33.
Hanzl, M. (2007). Information technology as a tool for public participation in urban planning: A review of experiments and potentials. Design Studies, 28 (3), 289-307. https://doi:10.1016/j.destud.2....
 
34.
Hereźniak, M. (2017). Place branding and citizen involvement: Participatory approach to building and managing city brands. International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal, 19(1), 129–141. https://doi.org/ 10.1515/ipcj-2017-0008.
 
35.
Horgan, D., & Dimitrijević, B. (2019). Frameworks for citizens’ participation in planning: From conversational to Smart tools. Sustainable Cities and Society, 48, 101550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.....
 
36.
Hudak, K.C. (2019), Resident stories and digital storytelling for participatory place branding. Place Brand Public Dipl, 15, 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254....
 
37.
Kahila-Tani, M., Broberg, A., Kyttä, M., & Tyger, T. (2016). Let the citizens map-public participation GIS as a planning support system in the Helsinki master plan process. Planning Practice & Research, 31(2), 195-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/026974....
 
38.
Kavaratzis, M. (2012). From ‘necessary evil’ to necessity: stakeholders’ involvement in place branding. Journal of Place Management and Development, 5(1), 7-19. https://doi.org/10.1108/175383....
 
39.
Kavaratzis, M., & Hatch, M. J. (2013). The dynamics of place brands: An identity-based approach to place branding theory. Marketing Theory, 13(1), 69-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/147059....
 
40.
Kemp, E., Childers, C.Y. & Williams, K.H. (2012). Place branding: creating self‐brand connections and brand advocacy. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 21(7), 508-515. https://doi.org/10.1108/106104... 1211276259.
 
41.
Khairat, N., & Marso, S. (2023). The impact of place attachment on citizen participation in place marketing: Towards a conceptual framework of the antecedents and consequences of place attachment. Journal of Marketing Research and Case Studies, 2023, 229393. https://doi.org/10.5171/2023.2....
 
42.
Khan, G. F., Swar, B., & Lee, S. K. (2014). Social media risks and benefits: A public sector perspective. Social Science Computer Review, 32(5), 606-627. https://doi.org/10.1177/089443....
 
43.
Kitchin, R. (2014). The real-time city? Big data and smart urbanism. Geo Journal, 79, 1-14. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10708-013-9516-8.
 
44.
Kleinhans, R., Van Ham, M., & Evans-Cowley, J. (2015). Using social media and mobile technologies to foster engagement and self-organization in participatory urban planning and neighbourhood governance. Planning Practice & Research, 30(3), 237–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/026974....
 
45.
Kotler, P., Haider, D.H. & Rein, I. (1993) Marketing places: Attracting investment, industry, and tourism to cities, states and nations. The Free Press.
 
46.
Kotler P., Keller K. & Manceau, D. (2015). Marketing management. 15th edition. Nouveaux Horizons.
 
47.
Lim, W.M., & Rasul, T. (2022). Customer engagement and social media: Revisiting the past to inform the future. Journal of Business Research, 148, 325-342, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbus....
 
48.
Masson, A. & Parlier, M. (2004). Les démarches compétence [Competency-based approaches]. Éditions ANACT.
 
49.
McCann, P., & Ortega-Argilés, R. (2015). Smart specialization, regional growth and applications to European Union cohesion policy. Regional Studies, 49(8), 1291–1302. https://doi.org/10.1080/003434....
 
50.
Merrilees, B. Miller, D. & Herington, C. (2013), City branding: A facilitating framework for stressed satellite cities. Journal of Business Research, 66 (1), 37-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbus....
 
51.
Moilanen, T. & Rainisto, S. (2009). How to brand nations, cities, and destinations. Palgrave Macmillan.
 
52.
Oiry, E. (2006). La dynamique des instrumentations de gestion par les compétences : proposition d’un cadre d’analyse [The dynamics of competency management tools: a proposed analytical framework]. In C. Defélix, A. Klarsfeld, & E. Oiry (Eds.), Nouveaux regards sur la gestion des compétences: apports théoriques et pistes d’action (pp. 13–31). Vuibert.
 
53.
Rainisto, S. (2007). Success factors of place branding. Regions Magazine, 268(1), 20–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 13673882.2007.8628829.
 
54.
Renault, S., & Boutigny, E. (2014). Crowdsourcing citoyen: définition et enjeux pour les villes. Politiques et Management public, 31(2), 215-237.
 
55.
Ripoll González, L., Hans Klijn, E., Eshuis, J., & Braun, E. (2025). Does participation predict support for place brands? An analysis of the relationship between stakeholder involvement and brand citizenship behavior. Public Administration Review, 85(1), 192–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.1....
 
56.
Romero Zaleta, M. A., & Ochoa-Romerroll, L. C. (2025). The impact of digital transformation in Latin America and the Caribbean: Opportunities and risks in a context of economic and financial resilience. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/prepr....
 
57.
Rowe, G., and Frewer, L. J. (2000). Public participation methods: A framework for evaluation. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 25(1), 3-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/016224....
 
58.
Saujot, M. and De Feraudy, T. (2016). Le crowdsourcing urbain pour transformer la fabrique de la ville. Décryptage, 6(16), 1-4.
 
59.
Seltzer, E., & Mahmoudi, D. (2012). Citizen participation, open innovation, and crowdsourcing: Challenges and opportunities for planning. Journal of Planning Literature, 28(1), 3-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/08854 12212469112.
 
60.
Shipley, R., & Utz, S. (2012). Making It count: A review of the value and techniques for public consultation. Journal of Planning Literature, 27, 22-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/088541....
 
61.
Strzelecka, M., Boley, B.B., & Woosnam, K.M. (2017), Place attachment and empowerment: Do residents need to be attached to be empowered? Annals of Tourism Research, 66, 61-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anna.... 2017.06.002.
 
62.
Thiétart, R.-A. (Ed.). (2014). Méthodes de recherche en management [Research methods in management] (4th ed.). Dunod.
 
63.
Voorberg, W. H., Bekkers, V. J. J. M., & Tummers, L. G. (2014). A systematic review of co-creation and co-production: Embarking on the social innovation journey. Public Management Review, 17(9), 1333–1357. https://doi.org/10.1080/147190....
 
64.
Yang, F., Yao, S. & Li, Y., (2023). Solidarity mobilization and citizen participation effectiveness in urban area: The case of community recycling program. Cities, 143, 104623, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.citi....
 
65.
Yigitcanlar, T., Kamruzzaman, Md., Foth, M., Sabatini-Marques, J., da Costa, E., & Ioppolo, G. (2019). Can cities become smart without being sustainable? A systematic review of the literature. Sustainable Cities and Society, 45, 348-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.....
 
66.
Zenker, S. & Beckmann, S.C. (2013). My place is not your place – different place brand knowledge by different target groups. Journal of Place Management and Development, 6(1), 6-17. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538 331311306078.
 
67.
Zenker, S., Braun, E., & Gyimothy Mørup-Petersen, S. (2021). Too afraid to travel? Development of a pandemic (COVID-19) anxiety travel scale (PATS). Tourism Management, 84, 104286. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.tourman.2021.104286.
 
68.
Zenker, S., & Erfgen, C. (2014). Let them do the work: A participatory place branding approach. Journal of Place Management and Development, 7(3), 225–234. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-0....
 
69.
Zenker, S., & Martin, N. (2011). Measuring success in place marketing and branding. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 7(1), 32-41. https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.201....
 
70.
Zhao, W., Sun, R., & Kakuda, N. (2017). Institutionalized place branding strategy, interfirm trust, and place branding performance: Evidence from China. Journal of Business Research, 78, 261-267, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.12.021.
 
71.
Zumbo-Lebrument, C., & Lebrument, N. (2020). Les déterminants de la participation des parties prenantes à une démarche de marketing territorial : le cas d’une marque de territoire française [The determinants of stakeholder participation in a territorial marketing approach: the case of a French territorial brand]. Management international/International Management/Gestiòn Internacional, 24(3), 129–149. https://doi.org/10.7202/107262....
 
eISSN:2299-193X
ISSN:1429-9321 (1997-2019)
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top